1st Floor
It is the floor that has 1 storey height above ground.Basement Floor
The floor of the basement of the building.
It is also called cellar. The basement floor is either completely or
partially below the ground floor. A basement can be used in almost
exactly the same manner as an additional above-ground floor of a house
or other building. However, the use of basements depends largely on
factors specific to a particular geographical area such as climate,
soil, seismic activity, building technology, and real estate
economics.
The concrete floor in most basements is
structurally not part of the foundation; only the basement walls are.
Since warm air rises, basements are typically cooler than the rest of
the house. In summer, this makes basements damp, due to the higher
relative humidity.
Basement Wall
The wall surrounding the basement floor is called the basement wall. The basement walls can be regarded structurally as part of the foundation. The basement walls are shear walls which can resist lateral loads as well. Moreover, these walls are meant to be highly non-porous and water resistant.Column Bracket
Column Bracket is protrusion from the column also used for hanging or attaching lamps, bulbs or other accessories to it like road signs.Column Capital
Column capital is an architectural element used for aesthetic purposes which forms the topmost member of a column.Drop Panels
Drop panels are used to thicken the slab
around the column in flat slabs to avoid punching shear. Since flat
slabs have no stirrups shear is resisted by thickening the slab around
the column to increase the concrete in shear.
Beams can also be used, but generally drop panels are
preferred to avoid conflicts with the electromechanical works of the
structure.
Flat Plate
Slabs connecting to columns directly.
Flat plate system is widely adopted by engineers as it provides many
advantages . The system can reduce the height of the building, provide
more flexible spatial planning due to no beams present, and further
reduce the material cost. However, the main problem in practice is the
brittle failure of flat plate under punching shear. Due to the
relatively small floor loading and the close column spacing, flat
plate construction is preferred. For heavier loading and larger column
spacing, column capitals are required, and for even larger spans to
reduce the self-weight, waffle slabs are used.
Flat Slab
The flat plate is a two-way reinforced
concrete framing system utilizing a slab of uniform thickness, the
simplest of structural shapes. The flat slab is a two-way reinforced
structural system that includes either drop panels or column capitals
at columns to resist heavier loads and thus permit longer spans.
Construction of flat slabs is one of the quickest methods available.
Lead times are very short as this is one of the most common forms of
construction.
Interior Columns
Interior columns in a frame structure support the slab and beams internally. They are not as susceptible to buckling and environmental effects as the external ones but still are extremely important considering the safety and stability of the building. Interior columns can also serve aesthetic and architectural purposes.Pedestal
An architectural support or base, as for a column or statue.Roof
A roof is the covering on the uppermost part of a building. A roof protects the building and its contents from the effects of weather and the invasion of animals. Structures that require roofs range from a letter box to a cathedral or stadium, house buildings being the most numerous.The elements in the design of a roof are:
- the material
- the construction
- the durability &
- Serviceability
